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A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure aimed at female sterilization. It specifically prevents the ova, or eggs, from traveling through the fallopian tubes where fertilization by sperm occurs. By blocking or cutting these tubes, the passage for the ova to reach the uterus is obstructed, which in turn prevents sperm cells from reaching and fertilizing an egg. This is a commonly chosen method of contraception for individuals who wish to prevent pregnancy permanently.

In this context, the other choices do not directly relate to the main function of a tubal ligation. Trauma to the uterus, hernia development, and fluid support during anesthesia do not pertain to the reproductive process or the mechanism of action of a tubal ligation. Thus, the focus on preventing the contact between ova and sperm cells accurately reflects the intended outcome of the procedure.